Since I first went to Thailand 5 years ago, I have always admired the country for its rich culture and people. I was very amazed by how great the Thai people admired their King, and I learnt that yellow was a significant colour that represented the King. This was very interesting to me because most of the souvenirs in Thailand are in yellow too. The King’s picture was often featured everywhere, from money dollar notes and coins, newspapers, in people’s homes to the mass media everyday. Also, pictures and souvenirs of elephants were found almost everywhere I went to. I then found out that elephants were also part of the Thai people.
I am very impressed that the Thais take pride in their culture and are very proud in it. They have made efforts to preserve their culture and at the same time, modern their cities so as to attract people with their rich culture.
Thursday, December 8, 2011
Representation of the Culture
The Thai culture is greatly influenced by Buddhism, hence many Thais are Buddhists. The Thais expect a certain dress code that is allowed in temples, and the dress code does not include tank tops, shorts and slippers as it is deemed as inappropriate and not showing respect to the Gods and the Thais. It is also considered improper for women to touch monks. However, Hinduism is slowly becoming part of their culture, which is the influence of Thailand’s neighbouring countries Myanmar and Laos. The local cuisine also has some influences of the Chinese and Indian culture, besides the Thai culture. Images of the Buddha are often found in public including government buildings, schools, temples and homes. 
The Thais show great respect for their King and they expects tourists to do the same thing too, as it is respectful. The Thai national anthem is played every day at two timings, 8am and 6pm, and also before the start of every movie in cinemas. It is expected that everyone, whether we are Thais or a tourist to stand during the national anthem.
The elephants are a traditional symbol of the King in terms of royal power, and are an important part of the Thailand culture. The elephant has been greatly loved and respected by the Thais since the old Siam days. This is because they have performed the most physical tasks. In the olden days, elephants were also used to transport the royal kings around. The Thais worship the elephants so much that they even pay respects to the Hindu God, Ganesh, which is represented by an elephant head and pot belly, and is also known as the elephant-headed God. In the Nakhon Nayok province of Thailand, there is a Ganesh Temple where many Thais go, to offer prayers to the elephant-headed God. Thais give equal respect and devotion to Ganesh, as they would to their own God in their Buddhism religion.
The music and dance in Thailand is also something that represents the culture of Thailand. There is the traditional music which consists of folk dance, and it is something that Thais take pride in, because the music and dance is part of their Thai culture. The Ram Thai is the main art of the dance and the Thai dance can be divided into 3 forms called the khon, likay-khon and lakhon. Teut-Teung also known as drum dance and it is used in folk music during parades at traditional festivals. The Farmers Dance which is also known as rice growers’ dance is a modern dance which is created by the Thai Ministry of Culture. The dancers’ attire match traditional farmers who grow rice and the dance portray typical farmers that work hard for the country.
Thai Boxing which is also commonly known as Muay Thai also corporate their traditional music in their sport, whereby the traditional music is played at every match. The Ram Muay ritual dance is danced along and the music is deemed as a symbol of respect. The tempo of the music varies throughout the match. For example, when the fight is resumed, the tempo is increased and during highlights of the match, the music becomes wilder.
The Thais show great respect for their King and they expects tourists to do the same thing too, as it is respectful. The Thai national anthem is played every day at two timings, 8am and 6pm, and also before the start of every movie in cinemas. It is expected that everyone, whether we are Thais or a tourist to stand during the national anthem.
The elephants are a traditional symbol of the King in terms of royal power, and are an important part of the Thailand culture. The elephant has been greatly loved and respected by the Thais since the old Siam days. This is because they have performed the most physical tasks. In the olden days, elephants were also used to transport the royal kings around. The Thais worship the elephants so much that they even pay respects to the Hindu God, Ganesh, which is represented by an elephant head and pot belly, and is also known as the elephant-headed God. In the Nakhon Nayok province of Thailand, there is a Ganesh Temple where many Thais go, to offer prayers to the elephant-headed God. Thais give equal respect and devotion to Ganesh, as they would to their own God in their Buddhism religion.
The music and dance in Thailand is also something that represents the culture of Thailand. There is the traditional music which consists of folk dance, and it is something that Thais take pride in, because the music and dance is part of their Thai culture. The Ram Thai is the main art of the dance and the Thai dance can be divided into 3 forms called the khon, likay-khon and lakhon. Teut-Teung also known as drum dance and it is used in folk music during parades at traditional festivals. The Farmers Dance which is also known as rice growers’ dance is a modern dance which is created by the Thai Ministry of Culture. The dancers’ attire match traditional farmers who grow rice and the dance portray typical farmers that work hard for the country.
Thai Boxing which is also commonly known as Muay Thai also corporate their traditional music in their sport, whereby the traditional music is played at every match. The Ram Muay ritual dance is danced along and the music is deemed as a symbol of respect. The tempo of the music varies throughout the match. For example, when the fight is resumed, the tempo is increased and during highlights of the match, the music becomes wilder.
The culture and traditions the indigenous group in Thailand
The Padaung people, also known as the Karen, in Mae Hong Son province in Northwest Thailand is one of the indigenous groups found in Thailand. They are well known for the famous long-necked women in the province. It is part of the tradition where women beautify themselves by adding brass rings to their necks, forearms and legs. The brass rings increases year after year. The neck ring is part of the culture, as the women believe that wearing the neck rings will make them more attractive and it also shows their level of wealth, which would enable them to get a good husband.
(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BL8ARB5FmsA&feature=player_embedded )
Another part of the Padaung culture involves making music in the Karen life and women around the village can be seen playing the traditional guitar. Training elephants is also part of their culture.
(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BL8ARB5FmsA&feature=player_embedded )
Another part of the Padaung culture involves making music in the Karen life and women around the village can be seen playing the traditional guitar. Training elephants is also part of their culture.
One of the traditions that the Padaung young women have continued till today is the making of their own and their prospective partner’s wedding clothes. To indicate that they are not married, the women and young girls wear a white robe. During the wedding, and before the wedding, as long as the women have found a husband to marry, they will then change the colour of their robe dress.
Authenticity of the Culture. (From the point of view of a tourist)
The tourist went to Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai in Northern Thailand, and was accompanied by his girlfriend. When they arrived there, they hired a local guide, who was a Karen man, to show them around since they were not familiar with the place.
They first went to a summit of a mountain, which was the highest mountain in Thailand. The Karen guide then told them the importance and symbol of the mountain. The body of one of Thailand’s past King, King Inthawichayanon laid in the summit. The King was a man who believed that the watershed in the summit was the most importance hence; he requested his resting place to be here, before he passed away. As the Thais have a deep respect for the Kings and their royal family, the summit of the mountain is visited by thousands of Thais each year, to pay their respects.
Another place that they went to was a Hmong Hill Tribe market where the local Thais sell crops which they have grown in their own fields. This is one way where the Thais show the use of the culture. Agriculture was an important source of income for the Thais, way before tourism became one of the main sources of the economy.
From this traveller’s report of his experience at Northern Thailand, he had the exposure of seeing how the Thais still deeply respect their culture and how it is used even though the country has gone through Globalisation.
*This has been taken from the review comment by the author’s name of Gunnar Estonia from Tripadvisor.com. I do not own any of these reviews. (GunnarEstonia, 2010)
They first went to a summit of a mountain, which was the highest mountain in Thailand. The Karen guide then told them the importance and symbol of the mountain. The body of one of Thailand’s past King, King Inthawichayanon laid in the summit. The King was a man who believed that the watershed in the summit was the most importance hence; he requested his resting place to be here, before he passed away. As the Thais have a deep respect for the Kings and their royal family, the summit of the mountain is visited by thousands of Thais each year, to pay their respects.
Another place that they went to was a Hmong Hill Tribe market where the local Thais sell crops which they have grown in their own fields. This is one way where the Thais show the use of the culture. Agriculture was an important source of income for the Thais, way before tourism became one of the main sources of the economy.
From this traveller’s report of his experience at Northern Thailand, he had the exposure of seeing how the Thais still deeply respect their culture and how it is used even though the country has gone through Globalisation.
*This has been taken from the review comment by the author’s name of Gunnar Estonia from Tripadvisor.com. I do not own any of these reviews. (GunnarEstonia, 2010)
Tourism impacts on the authentic culture of Thailand and the Padaung people
·Tourism impacts for Thailand
Thailand has a strong belief in their culture, and Buddhism is a religion that dates back to many years ago. The Thais strongly believe in it, hence there are many temples around Thailand. There are some well known temples in Thailand, and Buddhists from all over the country and the world often come to the temples to worship the Gods.
Their local economy also increases due to the increasing number of tourists visiting Thailand, and many tourists have high spending power. Thus, the local businesses in the country make profits, and overall, the people living cities generally make more money than those locals living in the countryside. The standard and quality of living for the Thais will be improved.
However, there is a problem about the distribution of the economy profits earned from tourists. The government may not be fair in terms of distributing the money equally all the cities in Thailand. The more well-developed cities that tourist often go to are Bangkok and Phuket for example. Since these places are known for the high number of tourists, the government may spend the money earned from previous tourist spending on the redevelopment of these cities instead of developing less-developed cities like Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai. Hence, the rich becomes richer and the poor becomes poorer.
·Tourism Impacts for the Padaung villagers
The Padaung people continue this tradition of wearing brass rings, because of two reasons. One is because it is their culture to do, and the other reason is because it is what makes tourists attracted to their tribe. Tourists are interested to visit their village just to see the women in brass rings. Hence, the Padaung people can make some money from the tourists when they come to visit their village.
Positive impacts:
The Padaung villagers earn some income from the tourists apart from growing and selling agriculture crops. This is because the Padaung people make art pieces and they are sold to the tourists who visit their village. Hence, they earn more income. Also, since their village is well known for their ‘long necks’, tourists go there for the purpose to see them, and the locals know this reason, so in order to keep attracting tourists to their village, they will try to keep their culture going. This leads to the preservation of the unique culture that is slowly fading.
Negative impacts:
The Padaung women cannot remove the brass rings once they have put it on. This is because the weight of brass rings pushes the neck done to the collar bone and ribs. This will result in the collar bones being twisted and is unable to go back to the original bone position. Since the bones are so deformed already, once the brass rings are removed, the neck muscles is not able to support the weight of the head and the person is not likely to survive for a long time. This is a challenge younger generations of Padaung women will face in the future, because the society is changing, and they may not like the image of them wearing brass rings. However, they did not have a choice, because most of them started wearing brass rings at the young age of 2 to 5 years old, and they had no opinions as their elders were strict on culture.
Thailand has a strong belief in their culture, and Buddhism is a religion that dates back to many years ago. The Thais strongly believe in it, hence there are many temples around Thailand. There are some well known temples in Thailand, and Buddhists from all over the country and the world often come to the temples to worship the Gods.
Their local economy also increases due to the increasing number of tourists visiting Thailand, and many tourists have high spending power. Thus, the local businesses in the country make profits, and overall, the people living cities generally make more money than those locals living in the countryside. The standard and quality of living for the Thais will be improved.
However, there is a problem about the distribution of the economy profits earned from tourists. The government may not be fair in terms of distributing the money equally all the cities in Thailand. The more well-developed cities that tourist often go to are Bangkok and Phuket for example. Since these places are known for the high number of tourists, the government may spend the money earned from previous tourist spending on the redevelopment of these cities instead of developing less-developed cities like Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai. Hence, the rich becomes richer and the poor becomes poorer.
·Tourism Impacts for the Padaung villagers
The Padaung people continue this tradition of wearing brass rings, because of two reasons. One is because it is their culture to do, and the other reason is because it is what makes tourists attracted to their tribe. Tourists are interested to visit their village just to see the women in brass rings. Hence, the Padaung people can make some money from the tourists when they come to visit their village.
Positive impacts:
The Padaung villagers earn some income from the tourists apart from growing and selling agriculture crops. This is because the Padaung people make art pieces and they are sold to the tourists who visit their village. Hence, they earn more income. Also, since their village is well known for their ‘long necks’, tourists go there for the purpose to see them, and the locals know this reason, so in order to keep attracting tourists to their village, they will try to keep their culture going. This leads to the preservation of the unique culture that is slowly fading.
Negative impacts:
The Padaung women cannot remove the brass rings once they have put it on. This is because the weight of brass rings pushes the neck done to the collar bone and ribs. This will result in the collar bones being twisted and is unable to go back to the original bone position. Since the bones are so deformed already, once the brass rings are removed, the neck muscles is not able to support the weight of the head and the person is not likely to survive for a long time. This is a challenge younger generations of Padaung women will face in the future, because the society is changing, and they may not like the image of them wearing brass rings. However, they did not have a choice, because most of them started wearing brass rings at the young age of 2 to 5 years old, and they had no opinions as their elders were strict on culture.
Focus of their Calendar of Events
Elephants are deeply respected by the Thai people as the animal is part of the Thai culture and is a national symbol which represents the royal power of the King. Hence there is a celebration day for elephants, which on the March 13 of every year. It is known as Thai Elephant Day. The purpose of this event is to raise more awareness about the conservation of elephants as well as the importance of how elephants are to the Thai culture.
There is also another event that celebrates the importance of elephants. It is held in November annually, in the Surin province of Northeast Thailand. The event is known as the Elephant Round-up where hundreds of elephants gather around for the event. The event itself has become one of tourists’ main attractions because it is an event that is highly celebrated to worship the elephants, and Western tourists find this event interesting.
There is also the Chiang Mai Flower Festival which runs for 3 days, from the first Friday of every February. This festival features a parade of the growing flowers with colourful petals and beautiful plants that are grown in Chiang Mai. Flowers from Chiang Mai are known to be one of the major exporters in the world for their fresh flowers. Craftsmen from all over the country also come together to show their craftsmanship skills, and will display their masterpieces and also sell a few pieces.
The Royal Ploughing Ceremony takes place on 13 May every year. The event takes place in front of the Grand Palace during the sixth lunar month. This Brahmanism ceremony has been held for many years and can be said to be an ancient festival. It is held at Sanam Luang in Bangkok and the purpose of this event is to mark the new start of the planting season and also to bless the Thai farmers with good and healthy crops for the year.
There is also another event that celebrates the importance of elephants. It is held in November annually, in the Surin province of Northeast Thailand. The event is known as the Elephant Round-up where hundreds of elephants gather around for the event. The event itself has become one of tourists’ main attractions because it is an event that is highly celebrated to worship the elephants, and Western tourists find this event interesting.
(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_sSdeQXHpkU )
The New Year Day is a festival that is specially celebrated by the Thais every year. It is also known as the Songkran festival and is held every 13 to 15 April, but it can be held for weeks in the Northern parts of Thailand. The event is celebrated by the Thais visiting temples, splashing water at each other and playing with the elephants. The Thais believe that the act of splashing water at each other is a gesture of wishing each other good luck and it is what New Year is all about; to welcome the new year with good luck. Lustral water is poured gently over the heads of the elderly and important people.
The New Year Day is a festival that is specially celebrated by the Thais every year. It is also known as the Songkran festival and is held every 13 to 15 April, but it can be held for weeks in the Northern parts of Thailand. The event is celebrated by the Thais visiting temples, splashing water at each other and playing with the elephants. The Thais believe that the act of splashing water at each other is a gesture of wishing each other good luck and it is what New Year is all about; to welcome the new year with good luck. Lustral water is poured gently over the heads of the elderly and important people.
There is also the Chiang Mai Flower Festival which runs for 3 days, from the first Friday of every February. This festival features a parade of the growing flowers with colourful petals and beautiful plants that are grown in Chiang Mai. Flowers from Chiang Mai are known to be one of the major exporters in the world for their fresh flowers. Craftsmen from all over the country also come together to show their craftsmanship skills, and will display their masterpieces and also sell a few pieces.
The Royal Ploughing Ceremony takes place on 13 May every year. The event takes place in front of the Grand Palace during the sixth lunar month. This Brahmanism ceremony has been held for many years and can be said to be an ancient festival. It is held at Sanam Luang in Bangkok and the purpose of this event is to mark the new start of the planting season and also to bless the Thai farmers with good and healthy crops for the year.
Disneyization
Comment on the result of how Globalisation has “Disneyfied” many cities in the world and whether some of these Disney characteristics are evident of the development of this place?
Disneyization is the process where the elements and principles of Disney is used by countries to set up malls, hotels, attractions etc, to attract tourists from all over the world to visit their country. Thailand has included Disney characteristics in their themeing of their landscapes.
One example of a place which includes the elements of Disneyization is the Dream World theme park in Bangkok. This theme park is similar to the actual Disneyland in United States of America, such that the park rides and shops in the theme park are themed in fantasy and famous Disney themes, which is similar to Disneyland in USA.
·Merchandising
This is the generation of commodified images in the theme park. The theme park has a souvenir shop in Dream World plaza, where visitors can buy the theme park’s official merchandise. These merchandises range from magnets to caps and t-shirts. The logo Dream World is imprinted on the merchandises.
Disneyization is the process where the elements and principles of Disney is used by countries to set up malls, hotels, attractions etc, to attract tourists from all over the world to visit their country. Thailand has included Disney characteristics in their themeing of their landscapes.
One example of a place which includes the elements of Disneyization is the Dream World theme park in Bangkok. This theme park is similar to the actual Disneyland in United States of America, such that the park rides and shops in the theme park are themed in fantasy and famous Disney themes, which is similar to Disneyland in USA.
Like the Disneyland, which is organised by different worlds, such as The Twilight Zone for the teenagers, Monsters Inc and Mickey Mouse for the kids and more, the Dream World in Thailand is similar. It has the different areas like Dream World Garden, Fantasy land and Adventure Land within the theme park.
·Theming
As I have mentioned above, the theming of the theme park is such that it follows after the famous Disney characters and rides will be designed according to the cartoon character. For example, in Fantasy land, there is an area that brings out the childhood story of Jack & The Beanstalk. The playground area offered to kids is a tall and huge beanstalk, and children can climb up to reach the Giant’s house. In another fairytale, Cinderella story, kids can play around the pumpkin carriage that was miracly transformed from a small pumpkin in the storybook. This is some examples how the themes of the attractions are designed, and it is based on the Disney characters.
·Hybrid Consumption
When people visit a theme park, their main purpose is to take the thrill rides, and take visit their favourite Disney characters by taking pictures with the Disney mascots. There is another attraction is becoming increasingly popular with tourists and locals in the theme parks, and that is the parade show, where all the popular cartoon characters come and perform together. People do not necessarily have to go to Arizona just to take a ride in the waves of Grand Canyon. This is because they can easily experience it at the replica at Dream World in Thailand. Many attractions in the Dream World take after the design of many famous rides and attractions around the world. Visitors can also take a fish spa and massage near the entrance of Dream World.
When people visit a theme park, their main purpose is to take the thrill rides, and take visit their favourite Disney characters by taking pictures with the Disney mascots. There is another attraction is becoming increasingly popular with tourists and locals in the theme parks, and that is the parade show, where all the popular cartoon characters come and perform together. People do not necessarily have to go to Arizona just to take a ride in the waves of Grand Canyon. This is because they can easily experience it at the replica at Dream World in Thailand. Many attractions in the Dream World take after the design of many famous rides and attractions around the world. Visitors can also take a fish spa and massage near the entrance of Dream World.
·Merchandising
This is the generation of commodified images in the theme park. The theme park has a souvenir shop in Dream World plaza, where visitors can buy the theme park’s official merchandise. These merchandises range from magnets to caps and t-shirts. The logo Dream World is imprinted on the merchandises.
·Performative Labour
The staffs and employees of the theme park are extremely important, because the tourists interact with them the most. Cartoon character mascots are the main characters in Dream World, because tourists take photos with them. Staffs who dress up like the Disney characters is similar to mascots, except that their identity is revealed and they have the responsibility to put on a happy front all the time when they are required to. This would ensure the satisfaction and happiness of the guests.
The staffs and employees of the theme park are extremely important, because the tourists interact with them the most. Cartoon character mascots are the main characters in Dream World, because tourists take photos with them. Staffs who dress up like the Disney characters is similar to mascots, except that their identity is revealed and they have the responsibility to put on a happy front all the time when they are required to. This would ensure the satisfaction and happiness of the guests.
Reflection of the place (it’s society), culture and tourism, after research
After a high intense research to gain more knowledge about the culture in Thailand, I felt that Thailand is very efficient in preserving their culture while they modernised their cities at the same time. This is the reason why tourists are attracted to Asia countries, because most of them are very rich in culture and it is something Westerners are interested in because in their Western countries, most do not have cultures. To add on, Thailand is one of the most famous countries in Asia, besides Korea, Japan and Vietnam etc, to continue their culture till today.
The Thais living in Bangkok are more educated and although they may not live in tribal areas and villages like in the past, they still practice their traditions and are very proud of their culture.
From my research, I found out that most of the festivals and events celebrated in Thailand throughout the years are mostly connected to the Thai’s cultures and traditions. This shows that the local people respect and appreciate their culture and make it a point to dedicate days to the cultures.
The country also focuses on tourists’ needs and wants because the tourism industry is one of the main sectors of the economy. However, the government does not only focus on the attractions for tourists, but they also make sure that the tourists are interacting with the Thai culture while they are visiting Thailand at the same time. One way that they let tourists know a little about the culture, is through the printing of elephants through stamps and other souvenirs. When tourists look at the souvenirs, they are reminded that the elephant is a respected animal in the country. Another way is that the King’s picture is imprinted on every Thai dollar bank note and coins. The country has a very deep respect for the royal family, and they are very proud of their King. Therefore, when tourists see the King’s face on the money, they are also reminded that the King is part of their culture and will be more careful of how they behave in the country. 
To suit tourists’ needs, when they visit the Ganesh Temple in Nakhon Nayok province, the government has built a Ganesh museum beside the temple. It contains a collection of Ganesh statues. This museum has been set up due to the high increase in the number of tourists coming to the province to visit the temple. Although a museum containing the Ganesh statues is not part of a temple, it is still being set up to accommodate tourists’ wants to know more about the Thais’ beliefs in the elephant-headed God.
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Talen. (2011, Jan 13). Chiang Mai Flower Festival 2011. Retrieved 12 7, 2011, from: http://thailandlandofsmiles.com/2011/01/13/chiang-mai-flower-festival/
Thaiways. (n.d). Thailand Tourist Information: Festivals & Events 2011. Retrieved 12 7, 2011, from: http://www.thaiwaysmagazine.com/thailand/thailand_festival.html
Thaiworldvie. (n.d). Elephant. Retrieved 12 7, 2011, from: http://www.thaiworldview.com/animal/animal2.htm
Thailand’s World. (n.d). Thai Culture. Retrieved 12 7, 2011, from: http://www.thailandsworld.com/index.cfm?p=382
Thaizer. (2007, April 25). Songkran: Thai New Year Water Festival. Retrieved 12 7, 2011, from: http://www.thaizer.com/festivals/songkran-thai-new-year-water-festival/
The Government Public Relations Department. (2010, March 10). Elephants as Part of Thai Culture and National Symbols. Retrieved 12 7, 2011, from: http://thailand.prd.go.th/view_inside.php?id=4838
Tripadvisor.co.uk. (n.d). Bangkok: Culture. Retrieved 12 7, 2011, from: http://www.tripadvisor.co.uk/Travel-g293916-s202/Bangkok:Thailand:Culture.html
Lecture Notes
Temasek Polytechnic. (2011). Tourism, Culture & Society Lecture 4 Globalisation & Tourism: Disneyization. Singapore: Temasek Polytechnic Tourism, Culture & Society Division.
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Earthmagictours. (2009, Nov 27). Surin Elephant Roundup - Elephants Elephants Elephants, Thailand. Retrieved 12 7, 2011, from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_sSdeQXHpkU
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M. Howard. (n.d). Thailand. Retrieved 12 7, 2011, from Countries and their cultures: http://www.everyculture.com/Sa-Th/Thailand.html
NationalGeographic. (2008, Sep 26). Brass Shackles. Retrieved 12 7, 2011, from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BL8ARB5FmsA&feature=player_embedded
OMGshots. (2011, April 14). Songkran: Splashing Thai New Year. Retrieved 12 7, 2011, from: http://omgshots.com/1711-songkran-splashing-thai-new-year.html
R. Waddington. (2002). The Karen. “The Peoples of the World Foundation” Retrieved December 7, 2011, from The Peoples of the World Foundation: http://www.peoplesoftheworld.org/text?people=Karen
Talen. (2011, Jan 13). Chiang Mai Flower Festival 2011. Retrieved 12 7, 2011, from: http://thailandlandofsmiles.com/2011/01/13/chiang-mai-flower-festival/
Thaiways. (n.d). Thailand Tourist Information: Festivals & Events 2011. Retrieved 12 7, 2011, from: http://www.thaiwaysmagazine.com/thailand/thailand_festival.html
Thaiworldvie. (n.d). Elephant. Retrieved 12 7, 2011, from: http://www.thaiworldview.com/animal/animal2.htm
Thailand’s World. (n.d). Thai Culture. Retrieved 12 7, 2011, from: http://www.thailandsworld.com/index.cfm?p=382
Thaizer. (2007, April 25). Songkran: Thai New Year Water Festival. Retrieved 12 7, 2011, from: http://www.thaizer.com/festivals/songkran-thai-new-year-water-festival/
The Government Public Relations Department. (2010, March 10). Elephants as Part of Thai Culture and National Symbols. Retrieved 12 7, 2011, from: http://thailand.prd.go.th/view_inside.php?id=4838
Tripadvisor.co.uk. (n.d). Bangkok: Culture. Retrieved 12 7, 2011, from: http://www.tripadvisor.co.uk/Travel-g293916-s202/Bangkok:Thailand:Culture.html
Lecture Notes
Temasek Polytechnic. (2011). Tourism, Culture & Society Lecture 4 Globalisation & Tourism: Disneyization. Singapore: Temasek Polytechnic Tourism, Culture & Society Division.
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